WEDNESDAY, Sept. 28 (HealthDay News) -- The use of stimulant medications such as Ritalin or Adderall in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is continuing to climb, although at a slower pace than in decades past, a new study finds.
The study's authors tracked U.S. prescription data from 1996 to 2008. They found the use of ADHD drugs was the highest among kids aged 6 to 12, rising slightly from 4.2 percent in 1996 to 5.1 percent 12 years later.
The most pronounced rise was in older children aged 13 to 18, however. In that group, use of ADHD drugs more than doubled -- from 2.3 percent in 1996 to 4.9 percent in 2008. Researchers said that reflects a greater understanding that kids often don't grow out of ADHD and that symptoms can persist through adolescence and even adulthood.
Overall, about 2.8 million children received a prescription for an ADHD medication in 2008, according to the study.
"This study documents that the use of stimulants has been increasing gradually, but not as much as it increased between 1987 and 1996," when prescriptions jumped by an average of 17 percent annually, noted study co-author Dr. Benedetto Vitiello, a psychiatrist and researcher at the U.S. National Institute of Mental Health. "Much of the increase is due to the fact that more adolescents are taking the drug than before."
Despite worries about "overmedicated" children, the rate of use of ADHD drugs in preschoolers aged 5 and younger actually fell during the study period, from about 3 in 1,000 in 1996 to 1 in 1,000 in 2008, the findings revealed.
"There was a lot of concern about increasing use of this medication in very young children, but it doesn't seem to be supported by the data, and in any case is very, very low," Vitiello said.
Dr. Andrew Adesman is an ADHD expert and chief of developmental and behavioral pediatrics at Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center in New Hyde Park, N.Y. He believes that "pediatricians have been appropriately reluctant to prescribe medications for very young children." Adesman was not involved in the research.
The study, conducted by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, is published in the Sept. 28 online edition of the American Journal of Psychiatry.
More than 5 million U.S. children, or 9.5 percent, have been diagnosed with ADHD as of 2007, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Kids with the condition may act more impulsively, and have difficulty paying attention and controlling their behavior. Some also have hyperactivity, all of which can raise the risk for injuries and difficulties in school.
ADHD is frequently treated with stimulant drugs such as methylphenidate (best known as Ritalin), and amphetamines (such as Adderall), among other medications.
During the latter part of the last century, stimulant prescription use among kids rose from 0.6 percent of youth in 1987 to 2.7 percent in 1997, according to background information in the study.
The rapid rise came on the heels of the inclusion, for the first time, of attention-deficit disorder, with or without hyperactivity, as a distinct problem of childhood in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association.
Prior to that, only hyperactivity disorder was included. And though many kids with attention-deficit disorder have trouble with restlessness, not all have severe enough hyperactivity that it would be brought to the attention of health professionals, experts explained.
In the new study, Vitiello and co-author Samuel H. Zuvekas analyzed data from the AHRQ-sponsored Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, a nationally representative annual survey of U.S. households. Among other things, the questionnaire asked parents about ADHD diagnoses and prescriptions taken by their children.
Boys were three times more likely than girls to be prescribed ADHD medications, which fits with other statistics that show more boys are diagnosed than girls, Vitiello said.
Use among white children (4.4 percent) was higher than among black (2.9 percent) or Hispanic children (2.1 percent).
The ADHD medication use rate was highest in kids aged 6 to 12. That makes sense, researchers said, because often ADHD symptoms become problematic when children enter school and struggle to stay focused.
The increase among adolescents may be among children who had ADHD but were able to get by through elementary school, but then struggled in higher grades, Vitiello suggested.
"There is more recognition that the disorder does not disappear with puberty," he said. "In adolescents, the symptoms become more evident because the academic demands increase. The tasks they have to do in school become more complex. Even though they were able to get by in elementary school and middle school, in high school they become more impaired because their attention is not what it should be."
The rate of ADHD prescriptions was significantly lower in the West than in other parts of the nation. Researchers aren't sure why. Two possible reasons could include more parents being reluctant to medicate their children, or school systems that handle kids with ADHD differently, Vitiello noted.
Experts estimate that about 60 percent of children with ADHD are treated with medication, Vitiello said, probably those with the most severe symptoms.
More information
There's more on ADHD medications at KidsHealth.org.
BERLIN?? German lawmakers on Thursday overwhelmingly approved expanding the powers of the eurozone bailout fund in a major step toward tackling the bloc's sprawling sovereign debt crisis.
The measure had been largely expected to pass the lower house of parliament, but a lively debate ahead of the vote reflected how divided Germans remain over their role as Europe's economic power.
Of 611 lawmakers present, 523 voted in favor, while 85 voted against it.
Only three lawmakers abstained, meaning that Germany in the future will be guaranteeing loans to the bailout fund, the so-called European Financial Stability Facility, or EFSF, of up to ?211 billion, rather than ?123 billion so far.
The vote also highlighted tensions in Chancellor Angela Merkel's center-right coalition that was strained by threats of dissent from many members who balked at the cost of propping up the eurozone's strugglers.
"Today we will make an important contribution to our nation, to Europe and to the stability of the euro," Volker Kauder, the parliamentary leader of Merkel's bloc, said in opening remarks on the debate.
Yet Frank Schaeffler, a member of Merkel's junior partner, the Free Democrats, argued that bailout measures have worsened Greece's economic situation.
"Despite all arguments, the first bailout did not make the situation for Greece better, but worse," Schaeffler said. "Expanding the fund will make the situation even worse."
Under scrutiny The lawmakers ? under close scrutiny from jittery markets ? were voting on European leaders' decision in July to increase the effective lending capacity of the fund to ?440 billion ($595 billion) and give it new powers, such as buying the bonds of shaky countries or lending money to governments before they get into a full-blown crisis.
Though Merkel described the euro ahead of the vote as "our common future" and said approving the beefed-up bailout fund was "of the very, very greatest significance," discussions went deep into the night Wednesday, in an attempt to win over dissenting members of her governing coalition.
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It was not immediately clear whether her coalition had been able to pass the measure on the strength of its own votes alone.
Opposition leaders said that if Merkel's coalition has to rely on their votes, it would be a sign that her strife-prone and increasingly unpopular government is finished.
Story: Global markets anxiously wait as Europe stews on Greece
On Wednesday, Finland voted in favor of expanding the fund's powers despite earlier threats to pull out of a rescue plan for Greece.
The fund expansion has to be ratified by all 17 eurozone nations to take force.
Germany's upper house of parliament is expected to pass the measure on Friday.
? 2011 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
You may be a high school senior selecting a major for college, or an adult who's life needs a new direction, you might want to check out the career paths you are able to follow with a computer science degree. A BS in computer science can cause many different jobs within the information technology industry, many of which are well worth the investment! The initial step is deciding where to go to college and which path is the best for you!
Choosing a college is always a hard decision. Cost is commonly the determining factor, but you need to look at the reputation of the school's degree program, too. You should select a school having a challenging curriculum, one which will push your ability to the maximum extent. You should also consider their job placement program for after graduation. The employment market is very aggressive nowadays, any help that provides you an advantage can make a difference!
So, what type of person should pursue a college degree in computer science? Obviously, you ought to be acquainted with computers.
Not just the games on them or surfing the net, but truly be interested with the way they work and the software and programs that guide them. You ought to be detail-oriented and in a position to think outside of the box. Most importantly, you should like what you do. This is what will lead to a successful and pleasant job. A computer science degree can be attained in 2 to 4 years, depending upon whether you would like an associates degree or bachelor's degree. Which degree you follow will probably be determined by your own personal conditions. However, it ought to be noted that the 4-year degree will provide you with probably the most possibilities.
You will be required to take many different types of courses in order to get a computer science degree.
Along with the compulsory courses (English, Speech, and general science courses), you'll be taking a lot of math and technical courses. Everything from calculus and trigonometry to web design and software development programs will have to be taken at some time.
What type of jobs can you apply for once you have graduated? There are numerous career avenues you can take with a degree of this sort. It all is determined by where your interests lie. Software engineers or architects, program analysts, IT project managers and directors, in addition to web developers all have degrees in computer science. Salaries range from $50,000 to over $110,000 yearly.
Remember, too, that computer science is an evolving field. As technology are formulated, there will be a larger need for specialist and experts to develop software, write programs, repair equipment, and take charge of projects. A computer science degree provides the possibility of career growth and development via a lifetime.
If you're planning on a job in one of these fields, you should schedule an appointment to talk with an academic adviser at a school near year. You can discuss the courses, time frames for graduation, as well as financial aid opportunities if you should need them. Going to school, whether it's the very first time or coming back, is a vital decision that should not be taken lightly. It is certainly a commitment, but well worth it in the end.
Fire Island Real Estate | Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire ? salvana :D
Fire Island Real Estate | Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire
?Gulliver?s Travels? consists of four parts, each of which is about a different voyage to another strange place. The original title of the book was ?Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships.?.
This work is a famous satire of the contemporary England and its institutions. In it Jonathan Swift uses an ancient satirical device: the imaginary voyage.
Lemuel Gulliver, the narrator, is a surgeon in a ship. He received a good education. He is in fact revealed as a good example of humanity. His personality is quite easy for the reader to identify with.
In the first voyage he is shipwrecked. Swimming, he comes to the empire of Lilliput, where he is a giant among diminutive people. He is at first quite amused by what he confronts there: the tiny people with their little civilization. But later it appears that they are vengeful, cruel, treacherous, ambitious, and malicious.
The second voyage is to Brobdingnag. This is the country of the giants, each of whom is ten times larger than a European. It seems that with this country Swift aimed at portraying the ideal country in his mind; therefore, Brobdingnag is a kind of utopia. It is ruled by a decent prince who is the embodiment of moral and political wisdom. Gulliver?s discussions with this prince contain clever satires of the contemporary British politics and institutions.
In his third voyage Gulliver is in Laputa, the flying island. This part is a clear allegory for the political life in England under the administration of the Whig minister Robert Walpole.
The fourth part takes place in the country of the Houyhnhnms (hwin-ims). Houynhnhms are a race of horses. These horses live by reason. Yahoos, who are their slaves, are mere creatures of appetite and passion. Their bodies look like human shapes but they have no sign of reason.
Gulliver?s travels appealed to everyone, and it still does. It was an interesting story for children, simple enough for them, and a challenging satire for adults, complicated enough to leave them in confusion. In the last chapter of ?Gulliver?s Travels? Gulliver says that he has become incapable of telling lies. What is strange about this is the oath he swears in narrating that is in fact a quotation from Sinon, through whose lies the Trojans were persuaded to accept the Trojan horse. Thus, he forces the reader to keep alert, not to be engaged with the surface, but to look for the depths. However, in the end the reader reaches no clear conclusions but left with some fundamental questions like what a human being is, whether we are reasonable beings. In fact this is what Swift aims at: to make the reader think.
Part I. A Voyage to Lilliput
This part begins with some information that Gulliver gives of himself and his family: his family had a small estate in Nottinghamshire, he attended Emanuel College in Cambridge etc. He always had a desire to travel, which he later fulfills most effectively. In his first voyage he is shipwrecked. After some struggle with the sea he is safely ashore on the coast of the empire of Lilliput. There he finds himself tied and imprisoned by a numerous tiny human beings.
Like in other parts we see in this part, too, the realistic descriptions of the fantastical which gives the incredible some sort of credibility. For example the arrows and spears of the Lilliputians are described as needles.
There he is taken good care of. Some learned men are appointed to teach him the language. He is fed, which scene is impressively described- meat carried by twenty vehicles, and ten vessels of liquor afford him ?two or three good mouthfuls?.
Then he is searched, his sword and pistols taken from him. During this search Gulliver is very kind to them though he had the chance to harm them, with which he gains great sympathy and favor of them.
He pleads with the emperor for his liberty, which represents Ireland?s situation with respect to England. Then he witnesses an acrobatic show. In this country, acrobatics is the way to get a governmental office. Only the best acrobats can get the office, which is of course a funny allegory for the political situation in England.
As a result of his mild disposition, he is given liberty on some conditions, which include his allying against the Empire?s enemies. The greatest enemy of the empire is Blefuscu, which stands for France. The emergence of the enmity between them depends on quite ridiculous reasons- the story of the egg.
He is of great help to the empire in the war against Blefuscu. He brings all the enemy fleet fastened by a cable to Lilliput. Blefuscu ambassadors plead for peace. Gulliver is given a title of honor. Blefuscu ambassadors invite him to their country, which intimacy enrages and provokes his enemies in Lilliput.
One day there is a fire at the empress?s apartment. Seeing no other way, Gulliver puts it off by urinating on it. The empress is quite annoyed with that. Then he describes the habits, laws, and customs of the Lilliputians. In these descriptions, there are clear satirical references to the British laws and customs and institutions. For example, ?in choosing persons for all employments, they have more regard to good morals than to great abilities?.
Then he is informed of a vicious plan against him prepared by his enemies there (the treasurer, and the admiral, both of whom stand for Swift?s real enemies in England.) The articles of impeachment against him include his urinating on the royal palace to stop the fire, his rejecting the further demands of the king to help them completely take over Blefuscu, his kind behaviour to Blefuscu ambassadors, and his intended voyage to Blefuscu.
Upon learning this, Gulliver leaves Lilliput, and is welcomed in Blefuscu. The emperor there helps him on his departure, providing for him some cows and bulls, by showing which in England he makes ? a considerable profit?.
Part II. A Voyage to Brobdingnag
This, too, begins with realistic elements like ?we unshipped our goods and wintered there; for the Captain falling sick..?. In this country everything is a scale of ten to one in relation to our familiar world.
Gulliver is caught on the shore by one of the natives and brought to a farmer?s house where he fights with two rats and kills them. There he establishes good relations with the farmer?s daughter who treats him like her doll, laying him on her doll?s cradle etc. Soon he becomes the center of attention. The farmer decides to take him to town and show him to public so as to gain money through him. Gulliver gets very tired of these shows, during which they travel many cities and towns. Finally they arrive the capital city Lorbruldug. There, the queen recognizes him and buys him. Thus his stay at the court begins.
There he has some discourse with the prince who appears to be a man of wisdom and enlightenment. Gulliver pridefully describes his country, England, and its institutions. The prince ridicules him for that.
Then he describes some accidents that happened to him there out of his comparatively tiny form. There is a repeated emphasis on his weaknesses there and on the ridicules of the others. Some further discourse with the prince takes place. He talks to him about gunpowder and its uses in his own world. The king is both amazed and astonished to hear it. He despises Gulliver and his country for having such inhuman devices, and bids him not to mention it to anyone.Gulliver tries to exempt his country from the king?s accusations in vain.
There is the criticism of the mercenary army in England standing without the authorization by the Parliament, too. Gulliver stays in this country for two years. Then one day the king and the queen go to a place near the ocean taking him, too, within a box. Suddenly an eagle takes him with the box and drops the box down onto the sea with Gulliver in it. After some time an English ship finds him. Thus he comes back to his country.
Hasan YILMAZ
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ByHasan Yilmaz
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?Gulliver?s Travels? consists of four parts, each of which is about a different voyage to another strange place. The original title of the book was ?Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships.?.
This work is a famous satire of the contemporary England and its institutions. In it Jonathan Swift uses an ancient satirical device: the imaginary voyage.
Lemuel Gulliver, the narrator, is a surgeon in a ship. He received a good education. He is in fact revealed as a good example of humanity. His personality is quite easy for the reader to identify with.
In the first voyage he is shipwrecked. Swimming, he comes to the empire of Lilliput, where he is a giant among diminutive people. He is at first quite amused by what he confronts there: the tiny people with their little civilization. But later it appears that they are vengeful, cruel, treacherous, ambitious, and malicious.
The second voyage is to Brobdingnag. This is the country of the giants, each of whom is ten times larger than a European. It seems that with this country Swift aimed at portraying the ideal country in his mind; therefore, Brobdingnag is a kind of utopia. It is ruled by a decent prince who is the embodiment of moral and political wisdom. Gulliver?s discussions with this prince contain clever satires of the contemporary British politics and institutions.
In his third voyage Gulliver is in Laputa, the flying island. This part is a clear allegory for the political life in England under the administration of the Whig minister Robert Walpole.
The fourth part takes place in the country of the Houyhnhnms (hwin-ims). Houynhnhms are a race of horses. These horses live by reason. Yahoos, who are their slaves, are mere creatures of appetite and passion. Their bodies look like human shapes but they have no sign of reason.
Gulliver?s travels appealed to everyone, and it still does. It was an interesting story for children, simple enough for them, and a challenging satire for adults, complicated enough to leave them in confusion. In the last chapter of ?Gulliver?s Travels? Gulliver says that he has become incapable of telling lies. What is strange about this is the oath he swears in narrating that is in fact a quotation from Sinon, through whose lies the Trojans were persuaded to accept the Trojan horse. Thus, he forces the reader to keep alert, not to be engaged with the surface, but to look for the depths. However, in the end the reader reaches no clear conclusions but left with some fundamental questions like what a human being is, whether we are reasonable beings. In fact this is what Swift aims at: to make the reader think.
Part I. A Voyage to Lilliput
This part begins with some information that Gulliver gives of himself and his family: his family had a small estate in Nottinghamshire, he attended Emanuel College in Cambridge etc. He always had a desire to travel, which he later fulfills most effectively. In his first voyage he is shipwrecked. After some struggle with the sea he is safely ashore on the coast of the empire of Lilliput. There he finds himself tied and imprisoned by a numerous tiny human beings.
Like in other parts we see in this part, too, the realistic descriptions of the fantastical which gives the incredible some sort of credibility. For example the arrows and spears of the Lilliputians are described as needles.
There he is taken good care of. Some learned men are appointed to teach him the language. He is fed, which scene is impressively described- meat carried by twenty vehicles, and ten vessels of liquor afford him ?two or three good mouthfuls?.
Then he is searched, his sword and pistols taken from him. During this search Gulliver is very kind to them though he had the chance to harm them, with which he gains great sympathy and favor of them.
He pleads with the emperor for his liberty, which represents Ireland?s situation with respect to England. Then he witnesses an acrobatic show. In this country, acrobatics is the way to get a governmental office. Only the best acrobats can get the office, which is of course a funny allegory for the political situation in England.
As a result of his mild disposition, he is given liberty on some conditions, which include his allying against the Empire?s enemies. The greatest enemy of the empire is Blefuscu, which stands for France. The emergence of the enmity between them depends on quite ridiculous reasons- the story of the egg.
He is of great help to the empire in the war against Blefuscu. He brings all the enemy fleet fastened by a cable to Lilliput. Blefuscu ambassadors plead for peace. Gulliver is given a title of honor. Blefuscu ambassadors invite him to their country, which intimacy enrages and provokes his enemies in Lilliput.
One day there is a fire at the empress?s apartment. Seeing no other way, Gulliver puts it off by urinating on it. The empress is quite annoyed with that. Then he describes the habits, laws, and customs of the Lilliputians. In these descriptions, there are clear satirical references to the British laws and customs and institutions. For example, ?in choosing persons for all employments, they have more regard to good morals than to great abilities?.
Then he is informed of a vicious plan against him prepared by his enemies there (the treasurer, and the admiral, both of whom stand for Swift?s real enemies in England.) The articles of impeachment against him include his urinating on the royal palace to stop the fire, his rejecting the further demands of the king to help them completely take over Blefuscu, his kind behaviour to Blefuscu ambassadors, and his intended voyage to Blefuscu.
Upon learning this, Gulliver leaves Lilliput, and is welcomed in Blefuscu. The emperor there helps him on his departure, providing for him some cows and bulls, by showing which in England he makes ? a considerable profit?.
Part II. A Voyage to Brobdingnag
This, too, begins with realistic elements like ?we unshipped our goods and wintered there; for the Captain falling sick..?. In this country everything is a scale of ten to one in relation to our familiar world.
Gulliver is caught on the shore by one of the natives and brought to a farmer?s house where he fights with two rats and kills them. There he establishes good relations with the farmer?s daughter who treats him like her doll, laying him on her doll?s cradle etc. Soon he becomes the center of attention. The farmer decides to take him to town and show him to public so as to gain money through him. Gulliver gets very tired of these shows, during which they travel many cities and towns. Finally they arrive the capital city Lorbruldug. There, the queen recognizes him and buys him. Thus his stay at the court begins.
There he has some discourse with the prince who appears to be a man of wisdom and enlightenment. Gulliver pridefully describes his country, England, and its institutions. The prince ridicules him for that.
Then he describes some accidents that happened to him there out of his comparatively tiny form. There is a repeated emphasis on his weaknesses there and on the ridicules of the others. Some further discourse with the prince takes place. He talks to him about gunpowder and its uses in his own world. The king is both amazed and astonished to hear it. He despises Gulliver and his country for having such inhuman devices, and bids him not to mention it to anyone.Gulliver tries to exempt his country from the king?s accusations in vain.
There is the criticism of the mercenary army in England standing without the authorization by the Parliament, too. Gulliver stays in this country for two years. Then one day the king and the queen go to a place near the ocean taking him, too, within a box. Suddenly an eagle takes him with the box and drops the box down onto the sea with Gulliver in it. After some time an English ship finds him. Thus he comes back to his country.
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Submitted On September 02, 2010. Viewed 944 times. Word count: 1,376.
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Fire Island Real Estate | Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire ? salvana :D
Fire Island Real Estate | Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire
?Gulliver?s Travels? consists of four parts, each of which is about a different voyage to another strange place. The original title of the book was ?Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships.?.
This work is a famous satire of the contemporary England and its institutions. In it Jonathan Swift uses an ancient satirical device: the imaginary voyage.
Lemuel Gulliver, the narrator, is a surgeon in a ship. He received a good education. He is in fact revealed as a good example of humanity. His personality is quite easy for the reader to identify with.
In the first voyage he is shipwrecked. Swimming, he comes to the empire of Lilliput, where he is a giant among diminutive people. He is at first quite amused by what he confronts there: the tiny people with their little civilization. But later it appears that they are vengeful, cruel, treacherous, ambitious, and malicious.
The second voyage is to Brobdingnag. This is the country of the giants, each of whom is ten times larger than a European. It seems that with this country Swift aimed at portraying the ideal country in his mind; therefore, Brobdingnag is a kind of utopia. It is ruled by a decent prince who is the embodiment of moral and political wisdom. Gulliver?s discussions with this prince contain clever satires of the contemporary British politics and institutions.
In his third voyage Gulliver is in Laputa, the flying island. This part is a clear allegory for the political life in England under the administration of the Whig minister Robert Walpole.
The fourth part takes place in the country of the Houyhnhnms (hwin-ims). Houynhnhms are a race of horses. These horses live by reason. Yahoos, who are their slaves, are mere creatures of appetite and passion. Their bodies look like human shapes but they have no sign of reason.
Gulliver?s travels appealed to everyone, and it still does. It was an interesting story for children, simple enough for them, and a challenging satire for adults, complicated enough to leave them in confusion. In the last chapter of ?Gulliver?s Travels? Gulliver says that he has become incapable of telling lies. What is strange about this is the oath he swears in narrating that is in fact a quotation from Sinon, through whose lies the Trojans were persuaded to accept the Trojan horse. Thus, he forces the reader to keep alert, not to be engaged with the surface, but to look for the depths. However, in the end the reader reaches no clear conclusions but left with some fundamental questions like what a human being is, whether we are reasonable beings. In fact this is what Swift aims at: to make the reader think.
Part I. A Voyage to Lilliput
This part begins with some information that Gulliver gives of himself and his family: his family had a small estate in Nottinghamshire, he attended Emanuel College in Cambridge etc. He always had a desire to travel, which he later fulfills most effectively. In his first voyage he is shipwrecked. After some struggle with the sea he is safely ashore on the coast of the empire of Lilliput. There he finds himself tied and imprisoned by a numerous tiny human beings.
Like in other parts we see in this part, too, the realistic descriptions of the fantastical which gives the incredible some sort of credibility. For example the arrows and spears of the Lilliputians are described as needles.
There he is taken good care of. Some learned men are appointed to teach him the language. He is fed, which scene is impressively described- meat carried by twenty vehicles, and ten vessels of liquor afford him ?two or three good mouthfuls?.
Then he is searched, his sword and pistols taken from him. During this search Gulliver is very kind to them though he had the chance to harm them, with which he gains great sympathy and favor of them.
He pleads with the emperor for his liberty, which represents Ireland?s situation with respect to England. Then he witnesses an acrobatic show. In this country, acrobatics is the way to get a governmental office. Only the best acrobats can get the office, which is of course a funny allegory for the political situation in England.
As a result of his mild disposition, he is given liberty on some conditions, which include his allying against the Empire?s enemies. The greatest enemy of the empire is Blefuscu, which stands for France. The emergence of the enmity between them depends on quite ridiculous reasons- the story of the egg.
He is of great help to the empire in the war against Blefuscu. He brings all the enemy fleet fastened by a cable to Lilliput. Blefuscu ambassadors plead for peace. Gulliver is given a title of honor. Blefuscu ambassadors invite him to their country, which intimacy enrages and provokes his enemies in Lilliput.
One day there is a fire at the empress?s apartment. Seeing no other way, Gulliver puts it off by urinating on it. The empress is quite annoyed with that. Then he describes the habits, laws, and customs of the Lilliputians. In these descriptions, there are clear satirical references to the British laws and customs and institutions. For example, ?in choosing persons for all employments, they have more regard to good morals than to great abilities?.
Then he is informed of a vicious plan against him prepared by his enemies there (the treasurer, and the admiral, both of whom stand for Swift?s real enemies in England.) The articles of impeachment against him include his urinating on the royal palace to stop the fire, his rejecting the further demands of the king to help them completely take over Blefuscu, his kind behaviour to Blefuscu ambassadors, and his intended voyage to Blefuscu.
Upon learning this, Gulliver leaves Lilliput, and is welcomed in Blefuscu. The emperor there helps him on his departure, providing for him some cows and bulls, by showing which in England he makes ? a considerable profit?.
Part II. A Voyage to Brobdingnag
This, too, begins with realistic elements like ?we unshipped our goods and wintered there; for the Captain falling sick..?. In this country everything is a scale of ten to one in relation to our familiar world.
Gulliver is caught on the shore by one of the natives and brought to a farmer?s house where he fights with two rats and kills them. There he establishes good relations with the farmer?s daughter who treats him like her doll, laying him on her doll?s cradle etc. Soon he becomes the center of attention. The farmer decides to take him to town and show him to public so as to gain money through him. Gulliver gets very tired of these shows, during which they travel many cities and towns. Finally they arrive the capital city Lorbruldug. There, the queen recognizes him and buys him. Thus his stay at the court begins.
There he has some discourse with the prince who appears to be a man of wisdom and enlightenment. Gulliver pridefully describes his country, England, and its institutions. The prince ridicules him for that.
Then he describes some accidents that happened to him there out of his comparatively tiny form. There is a repeated emphasis on his weaknesses there and on the ridicules of the others. Some further discourse with the prince takes place. He talks to him about gunpowder and its uses in his own world. The king is both amazed and astonished to hear it. He despises Gulliver and his country for having such inhuman devices, and bids him not to mention it to anyone.Gulliver tries to exempt his country from the king?s accusations in vain.
There is the criticism of the mercenary army in England standing without the authorization by the Parliament, too. Gulliver stays in this country for two years. Then one day the king and the queen go to a place near the ocean taking him, too, within a box. Suddenly an eagle takes him with the box and drops the box down onto the sea with Gulliver in it. After some time an English ship finds him. Thus he comes back to his country.
Hasan YILMAZ
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ByHasan Yilmaz
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?Gulliver?s Travels? consists of four parts, each of which is about a different voyage to another strange place. The original title of the book was ?Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of several Ships.?.
This work is a famous satire of the contemporary England and its institutions. In it Jonathan Swift uses an ancient satirical device: the imaginary voyage.
Lemuel Gulliver, the narrator, is a surgeon in a ship. He received a good education. He is in fact revealed as a good example of humanity. His personality is quite easy for the reader to identify with.
In the first voyage he is shipwrecked. Swimming, he comes to the empire of Lilliput, where he is a giant among diminutive people. He is at first quite amused by what he confronts there: the tiny people with their little civilization. But later it appears that they are vengeful, cruel, treacherous, ambitious, and malicious.
The second voyage is to Brobdingnag. This is the country of the giants, each of whom is ten times larger than a European. It seems that with this country Swift aimed at portraying the ideal country in his mind; therefore, Brobdingnag is a kind of utopia. It is ruled by a decent prince who is the embodiment of moral and political wisdom. Gulliver?s discussions with this prince contain clever satires of the contemporary British politics and institutions.
In his third voyage Gulliver is in Laputa, the flying island. This part is a clear allegory for the political life in England under the administration of the Whig minister Robert Walpole.
The fourth part takes place in the country of the Houyhnhnms (hwin-ims). Houynhnhms are a race of horses. These horses live by reason. Yahoos, who are their slaves, are mere creatures of appetite and passion. Their bodies look like human shapes but they have no sign of reason.
Gulliver?s travels appealed to everyone, and it still does. It was an interesting story for children, simple enough for them, and a challenging satire for adults, complicated enough to leave them in confusion. In the last chapter of ?Gulliver?s Travels? Gulliver says that he has become incapable of telling lies. What is strange about this is the oath he swears in narrating that is in fact a quotation from Sinon, through whose lies the Trojans were persuaded to accept the Trojan horse. Thus, he forces the reader to keep alert, not to be engaged with the surface, but to look for the depths. However, in the end the reader reaches no clear conclusions but left with some fundamental questions like what a human being is, whether we are reasonable beings. In fact this is what Swift aims at: to make the reader think.
Part I. A Voyage to Lilliput
This part begins with some information that Gulliver gives of himself and his family: his family had a small estate in Nottinghamshire, he attended Emanuel College in Cambridge etc. He always had a desire to travel, which he later fulfills most effectively. In his first voyage he is shipwrecked. After some struggle with the sea he is safely ashore on the coast of the empire of Lilliput. There he finds himself tied and imprisoned by a numerous tiny human beings.
Like in other parts we see in this part, too, the realistic descriptions of the fantastical which gives the incredible some sort of credibility. For example the arrows and spears of the Lilliputians are described as needles.
There he is taken good care of. Some learned men are appointed to teach him the language. He is fed, which scene is impressively described- meat carried by twenty vehicles, and ten vessels of liquor afford him ?two or three good mouthfuls?.
Then he is searched, his sword and pistols taken from him. During this search Gulliver is very kind to them though he had the chance to harm them, with which he gains great sympathy and favor of them.
He pleads with the emperor for his liberty, which represents Ireland?s situation with respect to England. Then he witnesses an acrobatic show. In this country, acrobatics is the way to get a governmental office. Only the best acrobats can get the office, which is of course a funny allegory for the political situation in England.
As a result of his mild disposition, he is given liberty on some conditions, which include his allying against the Empire?s enemies. The greatest enemy of the empire is Blefuscu, which stands for France. The emergence of the enmity between them depends on quite ridiculous reasons- the story of the egg.
He is of great help to the empire in the war against Blefuscu. He brings all the enemy fleet fastened by a cable to Lilliput. Blefuscu ambassadors plead for peace. Gulliver is given a title of honor. Blefuscu ambassadors invite him to their country, which intimacy enrages and provokes his enemies in Lilliput.
One day there is a fire at the empress?s apartment. Seeing no other way, Gulliver puts it off by urinating on it. The empress is quite annoyed with that. Then he describes the habits, laws, and customs of the Lilliputians. In these descriptions, there are clear satirical references to the British laws and customs and institutions. For example, ?in choosing persons for all employments, they have more regard to good morals than to great abilities?.
Then he is informed of a vicious plan against him prepared by his enemies there (the treasurer, and the admiral, both of whom stand for Swift?s real enemies in England.) The articles of impeachment against him include his urinating on the royal palace to stop the fire, his rejecting the further demands of the king to help them completely take over Blefuscu, his kind behaviour to Blefuscu ambassadors, and his intended voyage to Blefuscu.
Upon learning this, Gulliver leaves Lilliput, and is welcomed in Blefuscu. The emperor there helps him on his departure, providing for him some cows and bulls, by showing which in England he makes ? a considerable profit?.
Part II. A Voyage to Brobdingnag
This, too, begins with realistic elements like ?we unshipped our goods and wintered there; for the Captain falling sick..?. In this country everything is a scale of ten to one in relation to our familiar world.
Gulliver is caught on the shore by one of the natives and brought to a farmer?s house where he fights with two rats and kills them. There he establishes good relations with the farmer?s daughter who treats him like her doll, laying him on her doll?s cradle etc. Soon he becomes the center of attention. The farmer decides to take him to town and show him to public so as to gain money through him. Gulliver gets very tired of these shows, during which they travel many cities and towns. Finally they arrive the capital city Lorbruldug. There, the queen recognizes him and buys him. Thus his stay at the court begins.
There he has some discourse with the prince who appears to be a man of wisdom and enlightenment. Gulliver pridefully describes his country, England, and its institutions. The prince ridicules him for that.
Then he describes some accidents that happened to him there out of his comparatively tiny form. There is a repeated emphasis on his weaknesses there and on the ridicules of the others. Some further discourse with the prince takes place. He talks to him about gunpowder and its uses in his own world. The king is both amazed and astonished to hear it. He despises Gulliver and his country for having such inhuman devices, and bids him not to mention it to anyone.Gulliver tries to exempt his country from the king?s accusations in vain.
There is the criticism of the mercenary army in England standing without the authorization by the Parliament, too. Gulliver stays in this country for two years. Then one day the king and the queen go to a place near the ocean taking him, too, within a box. Suddenly an eagle takes him with the box and drops the box down onto the sea with Gulliver in it. After some time an English ship finds him. Thus he comes back to his country.
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Submitted On September 02, 2010. Viewed 944 times. Word count: 1,376.
Ads By Google?);for(i=0;i? + radlinks[i].term + ? ?);}document.write(?
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?);return;}google_ad_client = ?pub-3754405753000444?;//2008-03-18: EA- ROS google_ad_channel = ?1904239528?;google_ad_output = ?js?;google_ad_type = ?image?;google_image_size = ?300?250?;google_feedback = ?on?;google_hints = ?gulliver travels satire, gulliver, gullivers travels, satire, satire on England?;google_ad_region = ?test?;// ?>]]> Yilmaz, Hasan?Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire.?Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire.2 Sep. 2010EzineArticles.com.28 Sep. 2011 http://ezinearticles.com/?Gullivers-?Travels-?As-?A-?Satire&id=4974060>. Yilmaz, H. (2010, September 2). Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire. Retrieved September 28, 2011, from http://ezinearticles.com/?Gullivers-?Travels-?As-?A-?Satire&id=4974060 Yilmaz, Hasan ?Gulliver?s Travels As A Satire.? Gulliver?s Travels As A SatireEzineArticles.com. http://ezinearticles.com/?Gullivers-?Travels-?As-?A-?Satire&id=4974060
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TRIPOLI (Reuters) ? Fighters backing Libya's interim rulers prepared to renew their advance into the coastal city of Sirte on Monday after NATO aircraft bombed targets in Muammar Gaddafi's home town to sap the resistance of the deposed leader's troops.
Anti-Gaddafi forces had pushed to within a few hundred meters of the center of Sirte, one of the last bastions of pro-Gaddafi resistance in Libya, but drew back on Sunday while NATO aircraft launched their attacks.
Sirte lies between the capital Tripoli and the eastern city of Benghazi, both now held by the National Transitional Council, whose fighters toppled Gaddafi last month, six months into a campaign that is not yet over.
Taking Sirte would be a huge boost for the NTC as it tries to establish credibility as a government able to unite Libya's fractious tribes and regions, and a blow for Gaddafi, widely believed to be on the run inside Libya.
Gaddafi loyalists showed they were still a threat by launching an attack on Sunday on the desert oasis town of Ghadames, on the border with Algeria, NTC officials said.
The NTC said on Sunday its followers had found a mass grave containing the bodies of 1,270 people killed by Gaddafi's security forces in a 1996 massacre of prison inmates in southern Tripoli.
The mass grave was the first physical evidence found so far of the Abu Salim prison massacre, an event that was covered up for years but created simmering anger that ultimately helped bring about Gaddafi's downfall.
Survivors have told human rights groups that guards lined up inmates in the courtyards of the Abu Salim prison at dawn on June 29, 1996, and security men standing on the prison rooftops shot them down.
The uprising that toppled Gaddafi was ignited by protests linked to the Abu Salim massacre. In February, families of inmates killed there demonstrated in Benghazi to demand the release of their lawyer.
There was little fighting on Sunday on the ground west of Sirte, where NTC fighters have advanced closest to the center.
On the eastern side, their forces pushed to within 9 miles of the city center, an advance of more than 25 km.
A Reuters reporter there said NTC forces had been helped by NATO bombing, and said she could hear artillery fire and see black smoke on the horizon. Doctors at a hospital east of Sirte said one fighter had been killed and 12 wounded in clashes.
Gaddafi's spokesman contacted Reuters to deny reports that Gaddafi and his family had helped themselves to Libya's oil wealth, giving an insight into his current preoccupations.
"The leader of the revolution and his family are among the poorest citizens," said the spokesman, Moussa Ibrahim. He spoke by telephone and did not reveal where he was calling from.
Accounts from NTC fighters and people who had left Sirte indicated pro-Gaddafi forces were trying to prevent civilians from fleeing, effectively using them as human shields.
"Gaddafi's forces have surrounded the area, closed it off, by shooting at people," said a man called Youssef, driving away from Sirte with his wife. "There are a lot of people who want to get out but can't."
A man saying he was a hospital doctor in Sirte told Reuters by telephone it was NTC forces who were making civilians suffer. Wounded people were dying because medical supplies were running out and the hospital had been hit by shellfire, he said.
The doctor, who gave his name as Abdullah Hmaid, used the mobile telephone of the Gaddafi spokesman, Ibrahim, who is a native of Sirte.
FRAGILE GRIP
The attack by pro-Gaddafi forces on Ghadames underlined the fragility of the NTC's grip even on parts of the country nominally under its control.
The town, about 600 km southwest of Tripoli, is near a border crossing that pro-Gaddafi Libyans have used to flee into Algeria. Its old town, an intricate maze of mud walls, is a UNESCO world heritage site.
"These militias have attacked our people in Ghadames city," the NTC's Bani told a news conference, adding that NTC fighters expected to be in full control of the area in "a matter of days."
A month after ousting Gaddafi's forces from Tripoli and most of the country, the challenge to the NTC's rule is now focused in Sirte and Bani Walid, a town about 170 km (105 miles) southeast of Tripoli.
Until both are captured, Libya's new rulers say they cannot begin the process of holding elections. Wrangling over ministerial portfolios has prevented them from forming a caretaker government, deepening uncertainty over the country's future.
(Additional reporting by in Tripoli, Alexander Dziadosz in Sirte, Sherine El Madany east of Sirte, Emad Omar in Benghazi and John O'Donnell in Brussels; Writing by Tim Pearce; Editing by Andrew Heavens)
UNITED NATIONS ? The U.N.'s political chief said Tuesday that Israel and the Palestinians remain far apart on reaching a peace accord but insists "now is time for everyone to give diplomacy a chance."
B. Lynn Pascoe told the U.N. Security Council that the main obstacles to setting up a Palestinian state ? a bid which Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas submitted last week despite a promised U.S. veto ? are political, not institutional. He said that the main issue remains the "continuing Israeli occupation and the ongoing Palestinian divide."
The remarks at the monthly briefing on the Middle East came as Israel announced it would build 1,100 more homes on contested land in Jerusalem.
They highlighted the tenuous path confronting not only the Palestinians and Israelis, but also the Quartet of Mideast mediators ? the U.N., U.S., European Union and Russia. The Quartet has drafted a plan to bring the two sides together for negotiations, with an ultimate goal of achieving a deal by the end of next year.
"Resuming negotiations, and making progress, is easier said than done," Pascoe told the council.
With the Quartet's proposal and the push to restart negotiations, he said, "this would be a moment where the parties would be truly tested in their readiness to make serious proposals that addressed the core concerns of the other."
Abbas' insistence on presenting the application for Palestine's full membership to the U.N. pushed the long-stalled peace process again to the forefront of this year's General Assembly discussions and sparked a frenzy of last-minute diplomacy to dissuade him from submitting the application. The U.S. has vowed to veto the statehood bid in the Security Council.
Abbas said that if it was rejected, the Palestinians could turn to the General Assembly to raise their current status as a permanent observer to the a nonmember observer state, and resubmit the application again with the council.
The Palestinians have refused to resume negotiations with Israel until the Jewish state halts the building of settlements on occupied land.
Israel, however, has rejected the Palestinian demand, with Israeli Prime Minster Benjamin Netanyahu again ruling out a freeze in an interview published Tuesday.
Also Tuesday, Israel announced 1,100 new housing units in east Jerusalem, a move that U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton criticized as counterproductive to the Mideast peace process.
Netanyahu has called for the resumption of peace talks without preconditions. He has dismissed demands that a Palestinian state be based on Israel's 1967 prewar lines ? putting him at odds with the administration of President Barack Obama.
Pascoe said the new settlement announcement was "of particular concern," adding that "we have repeatedly stated that settlement activity is illegal and contrary to Israel's" commitment to the peace efforts.
He also said extremists on both sides should not be allowed to "inflame the situation," noting several arson attacks by Jewish settlers on a mosque and a knife attack in Tel Aviv by a West Bank Palestinian on Aug. 29, as well as Israeli reports of a foiled suicide bombing the same month in Jerusalem.
The Palestinian request for recognition is to come up at the Security Council on Wednesday.
Diplomats said the council president will read a statement saying the Palestinian application has been transmitted to the council committee on the admission of new members, which includes all 15 council nations.
The committee is expected to hold its first private informal meeting on Friday at the level of ambassadors, the diplomats said, speaking on condition of anonymity because consultations have been private.
____
Associated Press Writer Edith M. Lederer contributed to this report from the United Nations
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UBS in ?Disarray,? Ermotti Named Interim CEO - Bloomberg
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Only ECB has power to 'scare' global stock markets, warns IMF - The Guardian
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This week, Travel and Leisure set out to find the best cities in the US for foodies. The publication polled its readers on cities that provided the best options when it comes to big-name eateries, neighborhood caf?s, ethnic cuisine, and farmers? markets.
Johns Hopkins researchers have devised a protein "switch" that instructs cancer cells to produce their own anti-cancer medication.
In lab tests, the researchers showed that these switches, working from inside the cells, can activate a powerful cell-killing drug when the device detects a marker linked to cancer. The goal, the scientists said, is to deploy a new type of weapon that causes cancer cells to self-destruct while sparing healthy tissue.
This new cancer-fighting strategy and promising early lab test results were reported this week in the online early edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Although the switches have not yet been tested on human patients, and much more testing must be done, the researchers say they have taken a positive first step toward adding a novel weapon to the difficult task of treating cancer.
One key problem in fighting cancer is that broadly applied chemotherapy usually also harms healthy cells. In the protein switch strategy, however, a doctor would instead administer a "prodrug," meaning an inactive form of a cancer-fighting drug. Only when a cancer marker is present would the cellular switch turn this harmless prodrug into a potent form of chemotherapy.
"The switch in effect turns the cancer cell into a factory for producing the anti-cancer drug inside the cancer cell," said Marc Ostermeier, a Johns Hopkins chemical and biomolecular engineering professor in the Whiting School of Engineering, who supervised development of the switch.
"The healthy cells will also receive the prodrug," he added, "and ideally it will remain in its non-toxic form. Our hope is that this strategy will kill more cancer cells while decreasing the unfortunate side effects on healthy cells."
To demonstrate that these switches can work, the research team successfully tested them on human colon cancer and breast cancer cells in Ostermeier's lab and in the laboratory of James R. Eshleman, a professor of pathology and oncology in the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine.
"This is a radically different tool to attack cancers," said Eshleman, a co-author of the PNAS journal article, "but many experiments need to be done before we will be able to use it in patients."
The next step is animal testing, expected to begin within a year, Ostermeier said.
Ostermeier's team made the cancer-fighting switch by fusing together two different proteins. One protein detects a marker that cancer cells produce. The other protein, from yeast, can turn an inactive prodrug into a cancer-cell killer. "When the first part of the switch detects cancer, it tells its partner to activate the chemotherapy drug, destroying the cell," Ostermeier said.
In order for this switch to work, it must first get inside the cancer cells. Ostermeier said this can be done through a technique in which the switch gene is delivered inside the cell. The switch gene serves as the blueprint from which the cell's own machinery constructs the protein switch. Another approach, he said, would be to develop methods to deliver the switch protein itself to cells.
Once the switches are in place, the patient would receive the inactive chemotherapy drug, which would turn into a cancer attacker inside the cells where the switch has been flipped on.
Although many researchers are developing methods to deliver anti-cancer drugs specifically to cancer cells, Ostermeier said the protein switch tactic skirts difficulties encountered in those methods.
"The protein switch concept changes the game by providing a mechanism to target production of the anti-cancer drugs inside cancer cells instead of targeting delivery of the anti-cancer drug to cancer cells," he said.
###
Johns Hopkins University: http://www.jhu.edu
Thanks to Johns Hopkins University for this article.
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